Jasper Series 6

SEAMEO-Jasper Fellowship Monograph

1998 Series 6

The Potential of Coastal Settlement in Supporting Tourism
and Eradicating Poverty in East Java

Architect Happy Santosa and Biologist Desiree Krishnawati

Population and Environmental Research Centre
The Institut Teknologi Supuluh Nopember (ITS)
Kampus ITS – Sukolilo
Surabaya 60111
INDONESIA

Table of Content

ABSTRACT

Background

Statement of the Problem

Research Method

Data Collecting Process

Identifying research locations and related departments

Interview

Evaluation

Results and Discussion

The Physical Condition of the Settlement

Potential of Settlement Development

Natural Resources Condition

Prospects and Benefits from Natural Resources

Human Resources Condition

Human Resources Development Potential for Poverty Alleviation and Tourism Development

Potential Programmes for Destitute Villages and Tourism Development

Conclusion and Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to come up with potential factors in coastal village settlements that can be used to improve the welfare of the people and tourism development.

Many ways are adopted such as different forms of cooperation, so that the people can use their skills and abilities to their advantage in improving their settlement. The research also points out ways on how to benefit from the existing programmes of tourism and poverty eradication to improve the quality of life in the poor villages.

The research was conducted by using the explorative method because many prospects needed to be identified. Secondary data and primary data were obtained through survey and interview of the respondents. The previous tourism and poverty eradication programmes were also studied so that these can be applied more effectively in the poor villages. The survey was held with the assistance of the Indonesian Command of the Eastern Fleet (Ko armatim) and the local government (Pemda tingkat II).

The results of this research indicate that the physical condition of the settlements and the local villages’ available natural resources have yet to be used more effectively to develop tourism and improve the welfare of the people in the villages. The ability and the knowledge of the people need to be developed to enable them to help themselves; whereas the programmes of tourism improvement and poverty eradication could be directed according to the needs of the village people.

I.	Background
	At the moment, there are a number of destitute villages in Indonesia. According to Ginanjar Kartasasmita (1993) around 65,654 or 31.5% of the villages in Indonesia are still classified as destitute villages. In East Java alone, 23.49% or 1,969 villages among a total of 8,361 villages fall under this category. The destitute villages are in urgent need to eliminate poverty.
	It is possible that coastal village settlements could be developed in the area of beach tourism so that these areas will no longer be categorized as destitute villages. The villages studied were randomly chosen poor villages located in Situbondo, Probolinggo, Surabaya and Tuban regencies.
	The coastal villages selected were:
	Kumbang Sari village	- Situbondo
	Gili Ketapang village	- Probolingo
	Kenjeran village	- Surabaya
	Karang Agung village	- Tuban
	The results obtained from this research were used to identify developmental factors in the village settlements such as viable physical settlement prospects, natural and human resources as well as many forms of cooperative efforts that could work towards the eradication of poverty.

II.	Statement of the Problem
	The study attempted to answer the following problems:
	Are there any coastal village settlement physical prospects and natural resources that could be used as an advantage to alleviate people from poverty by improving tourism in the area? Are the people in the coastal village settlement willing to participate in activities that could help eradicate poverty? Are there any possibilities of assistance from other parties in the form of cooperation as a tool to eliminate poverty?
III.	Research Method
	The research was carried out by using the explorative method because there were many potentials that needed to be identified in the destitute village settlements in the coastal areas of East Java. Samples of this research were specifically taken in the villages in the coastal areas of East Java categorized as poor villages.
IV.	Data Collecting Process
	The researcher collected data through the following:

	A.	Identifying research locations and related departments
		The physical potential of coastal village settlement and available natural resources that are favourable in surveying the research location were identified. Secondary data was also collected from local government agencies (Pemda tingkat II), the Command of Eastern Fleet (Ko armatim) and Lantamal as well as data from National Land Board (BPN).
		The programmes of beach tourism and poverty eradication were collected by surveying the departments related with the development of coastal village settlement. These programmes were advantageous in improving tourism and assisting people in the destitute coastal village settlements.
	B.	Interview
		Local village people were interviewed to obtain valid answers about human resources that could contribute to the improvement of tourism and the general welfare of the people. Among these were people’s skills and capabilities, business activities, willingness to do hard labour, occupations, and willingness to participate in cooperative ventures.
	C.	Evaluation
		The evaluation of settlement condition was based on the standards of settlement and housing published by the Department of Public Works (Departemen PU) – Cipta Karya.
		The physical settlement condition was observed to obtain reliable information on whether or not the people have worthy and healthy settlement and housing that could support economic and social activities, as well as tourism. Table 1 shows the criteria in evaluating the settlement condition.

Table 1

Evaluation Criteria of Settlement Condition

Housing Facilities	Condition
Housing Facilities	1	2	3	4	5
- Housing	< 5 m² width/person	< 7 m² width/person	> 7 m² width/person	> 10 m² width/person	>12 m² width/person
- Clean Water	<10 litre day/person	<30 litre day/person	< 50 litre day/person	> 50 litre day/person	> 70 litre day/person
- Environmental Sanitation
* Path	* None	* soil unmanaged	* completed soil path	* stone path	* asphalt path
* Sanitary canal (ditch)	* None	* < 50% long road	* > 50% long road	* > 75% long road	* long road covered
* Waste Area	* None	* unreceivable waste	* receivable waste	* waste transported in two days	* waste transported in one day
- Sanitary facility (toilet) lavatory	None	used > 10 families	used < 10 families	used < 5 families	used < 2 families
- Environmental Facility
* Village Hall	* None	* only < 50 attendants received	* > 75% attendants received	* > 90% attendants received	* all attendants received
* Market place	* None	* distance > 5 km	* distance < 5 km	* distance < 3 km	* distance < 1 km

Notes : 5 = Excellent 4 = Satisfactory 3 = Moderately Satisfactory 2 = Fair 1 = Poor

The standard used to evaluate natural resources was by looking at the produce taken from sea and land resources available in the local villages. Table 2 shows the evaluation criteria in this area.

Table 2

Evaluation Criteria on Natural Resources Condition

Natural Resources	Condition
Natural Resources	1	2	3	4	5
- Coconut crops	< 1000/year	> 1000/year	> 5000/year	>10000/year	>15000/year
- Field yield	< 1000 kg/ hectare/year	< 2000 kg/ hectare/year	> 2000 kg/ hectare/year	> 5000 kg/ hectare/year	> 7000 kg/ hectare/year
- Catch fish	< 1000 kg/year	< 1500 kg/year	> 1500 kg/year	> 3000 kg/year	> 4000 kg/year
- Shrimp/fish pond	< 500 kg/ hectare/year	< 1000 kg/ hectare/year	> 1000 kg/ hectare/year	> 2000 kg/ hectare/year	> 3000 kg/ hectare/year
- Shell fish and cucumber fish	< 500 kg/year	< 1000 kg/year	> 1500 kg/year	> 2500 kg/year	> 4000 kg/year
- Mangrove	< 20% coast line	> 20% coast line	> 40% coast line	> 60% coast line	> 75% coast line
- Decorative fish	variety < 10%	Variety < 25%	variety > 25%	variety > 30%	variety > 50%
- Coral reef	covered by coral reef < 10%	Covered by coral reef < 25%	covered by coral reef < 50%	covered by coral reef > 50%	covered by coral reef > 75%
- Coast	steepness > 45%	steepness < 45%	steepness < 20%	steepness < 10%	steepness < 5%
- Village Land	built > 75%	Built > 60%	built < 60%	built < 50%	built < 40%
- Land Productivity	efficiency < 20%	Efficiency < 40%	efficiency < 60%	efficiency < 70%	efficiency > 70%

Notes : 5 = Excellent 4 = Satisfactory 3 = Moderately Satisfactory 2 = Fair 1 = Poor

The method used to determine the human resource potential was based on the local village people’s ability to utilize coastal resources for tourism, as well as fishing, farming and marketing capabilities. Studying people skills and abilities, condition of available equipment, obstruction of middlemen, diversification into many sectors, and the possibilities to increase marketing of crops were also looked into. The evaluation of human resource condition was based on education levels. Table 3 shows the evaluation criteria used by the researcher in this area.

Table 3

Evaluation Criteria on Human Resources

Human Resources	Education Condition
Human Resources	1	2	3	4	5
· Education	* elementary school > 75%	* elementary school > 60%	* elementary school > 30%	* elementary school > 20%	* elementary school > 10%
	* at most above Elementary School level	* at most above Elementary School level	* at most above Elementary School level	* at most above Elementary School level	* at most above Elementary School level

Notes : 5 = Excellent 4 = Satisfactory 3 = Moderately Satisfactory 2 = Fair 1 = Poor

		Evaluation of the potential of the Destitute Village Programme (IDT) was carried out by observing its operation and implementation, including the possibility of coming up with the IDT fund and the people’s desire to contribute to the success of the IDT programme.
		The potential for developing sea and beach tourism and improving the settlement were explored in areas available for tourism and based on the people’s willingness to improve their villages.
V.	Results and Discussion
	A.	The Physical Condition of the Settlement

Table 4

Physical Condition of the Settlement

Regent/village	Settlement Condition	Score
- SITUBONDO
* Kumbang Sari	- Sanitary canal/ditch: poor (about < 50% of what is needed)	2
	- Environmental facility – poor (Village Hall available)	2
	- Source of clean water: artesan well	2
	- No toilet/lavatory	2
	- Housing lack air circulation and adequate light	2
	Average	2
- PROBOLINGGO
* Gili Ketapang	- Housing does not encourage healthy living condition	2
	- Clean water had to be bought (scarce)	1
	- Residential environment, including drain/gutter, path, waste area is poor	2
	- No toilet/lavatory	2
	Average	1.75
- SURABAYA
* Kenjeran	- Good residence environment and facilities	3
	- Some toilets/lavatories	3
	- Clean water had to be bought (readily available)	3
	Average	3
- TUBAN
* Karang Agung	- Only 20% of housing in the village has toilet facilities	2
	- Only 50% has functional drain/gutter	2
	- Area surrounding residence is used as waste area or drying fish	2
	Average	2

Regent/village